The Presence Of The Past Sheldrake Download UPDATED
The Presence Of The Past Sheldrake Download
Born 1942
Born in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire. Educated at Newark Preparatory Schoolhouse, Ranby House School and Worksop College (Music Exhibitioner and Scientific discipline Scholar). He is a biologist and author of Dogs that Know When Their Owners are Coming Dwelling, and Other Unexplained Powers of Animals (1999) a sequel to his best-selling Seven Experiments that Could Change the Globe (1994).
Further reading:
SHELDRAKE, R. (1987): A New Scientific discipline of Life: The Hypothesis of Formative Causation, 2nd Ed. (1st Ed. Blond & Briggs. London and J. P. Tarcher, Los Angeles, 1981), 287 pp., Collins. London.
SHELDRAKE, R. (1988): The Presence of the Past: Morphic Resonance and the Habits of Nature, 391 pp., Fontana (HarperCollins), London and Random House, New York.
SHELDRAKE, R. (1990): The Rebirth of Nature: The Greeining of Science and God, 215 pp., Rider. London, Sydney, Auckland, Johannesburg.
SHELDRAKE, R. (1994): Tao prirody: Znovuzrozeni posvatnosti prirody ve vede, z angl. originalu "The Rebirth of Nature", Century 1990, Passenger 1991, prelozil A. Hebelka, 226 south., Czech Edition, Gardenia Publishers. Bratislava.
"...The idea that morphogenetic fields contain an inherent memory is the starting point for the hypothesis of formative causation ..."
(from Presence of the Past, London 1988)
"... structure of these [morphogenetic] fields is non adamant by either transcendent Ideas or timeles mathematical formulae, but rather results from the actual forms of previous similar organisms. In other words, the construction of the fields depends on what has happened before. Thus, for example, the morphogenetic field of the foxglove species are shaped by influences from previously existing foxgloves ..."
(from Presence of the Past, London 1988)
"...How could such a memory possibly piece of work? The hypothesis of determinative causation postulates that information technology depends on a kind of resonance, called morphic resonance. Morphic resonance takes place on the basis of similarity. The more similar an organism is to previous organisms, the greater their influence on it by morphic resonance. And the more such organisms there have been, the more powerful their cumulative influence ..."
(from Presence of the By, London 1988)
"...morphic resonance does not involve a transfer of energy from one arrangement to another, but rather a not-energetic transfer of information. However, morphic resonance does resemble the known kinds of resonance in that it takes place on the footing of rhythmic patterns of activity ..."
(from Presence of the Past, London 1988)
"... we all experience the quality of time through what Germans call the Zeitgeist , the spirit of the time. No one knows why different periods of human being history should have particular moods, feelings and fashions..."
(from Rebirth of Nature, London 1990)
"..If Gaia is in some sense animate, then she must have something like a soul, an organizing principle with its own ends or purposes ..."
(from Rebirth of Nature, London 1990)
"... The witting or unconscious purposes of Gaia include the development and maintenance of the biosphere, and they must in some sense include the evolution of humanity .."
(from Rebirth of Nature, London 1990)
"...Instinctive behaviour shows the same holistic, purposive characteristics every bit morphogenesis.."
(from Rebirth of Nature, London 1990)
".. The starting point for speculation about the nature of biological life is death. What happens when a plant or an brute or a person dies? The trunk remains. It however weighs the same. It nevertheless has the same shape and the same fabric constituents. However it is now dead. It can no longer grow, or motion, or maintain itself. Information technology starts to decay. Something seems to have left it - the life force, the breath, the spirit, the soul, the subtle body, the vital factor, or the organizing principle ..."
(from Rebirth of Nature, London 1990)
"..To this twenty-four hour period, scientists pretend that they are rather similar disembodied minds. Unlike other man activities, science is supposed to exist uniquely objective. Scientific papers are conventionally written in an impersonal way, seemingly devoid of emotions. Conclusions are meant to follow from facts by a logical procedure of reasoning...
...All inquiry scientists know that this process is artificial; they are not disembodied minds, uninfluenced by emotion. The reality is very unlike..."
(from Rebirth of Nature, London 1990)
".. In terms of the hypothesis of formative causation, the purposive organizing field of Gaia can be idea of as her morphic field ..."
(from Rebirth of Nature, London 1990)
" Is the genetic program the aforementioned thing equally the chemic structure of the DNA? This cannot be the explanation either, because all cells of the body contain identical copies of DNA, and yet they develop differently. Consider your arms and your legs. The Deoxyribonucleic acid in them is the same, but they accept different forms. And then something else must take been responsible for shaping them as they develop in the embryo ."
"Through detailed study of embryos, a number of influential embryologists have come to the decision that the developing limbs and organs are shaped by what they phone call morphogenetic fields. This term is not as daunting every bit it sounds at beginning: information technology means fields that requite rise to form, or 'form fields' (the discussion 'morphogenetic' comes from the Greek morphe which ways grade, and genesis which means coming-into-being."
"If the hypothesis of morphogenetic fields could exist confirmed past experiment, it would involve the discovery of a new gear up of laws providing connections between thing across space and time - laws that have not yet been recognised by science. And still more than laws may be discovered in the future, whose existence has not so far even been suspected."
"However, these [morphogenetic] fields are just as real every bit the magnetic and graviational fields of physics, simply they are a new kind of field with very remarkable properties. Like the known fields of physics, they connect like things together beyond infinite, with seemingly nothing in between - but in addition they connect things together beyond fourth dimension, and then that creatures can learn from the experience of previous members of the same species fifty-fifty when there is no direct contact.
The idea is that the morphogenetic fields that shape a growing animal or found are derived from the forms of previous organisms of the same species. The embryo as it were 'tunes in' to the form of by members of the species. The process by which this happens is chosen morphic resonance."
"... some cases of evolutionary atavism, in which species reproduce features of other species long since extinct, may be due to their picking up a sort of 'ancestral memory' by the process of morphic resonance. Horses, for example, are sometimes born with two toes, like their distant ancestors."
"This hypothesis, which is known as the hypothesis of formative causation leads to a range of surprising predictions that provide ways of testing it experimentally. For instance, if a number of animals, say rats, learn a new fox that rats accept never performed earlier, then other rats of the same kind all over the earth should be able to acquire the same trick more hands, even in the absence of whatsoever known kind of connection or advice. The larger the number of rats that learn it, the easier it should become for subsequent rats everywhere else."
"The evangelists of neo-Darwinism commonly present their theory every bit if information technology were an established scientific fact that any rational person is jump to take, whether he or she likes it or non. However, this is far from beingness the instance..."
"... Indeed, behind its scientific facade, it [the neo-Darwinian theory] appears to accept go for many of its followers remarkably like a organized religion . This seems to be the reason why they propagate their dogmas so zealously, guard confronting heresies so vigilantly, and deny the truth of all other faiths so vehemently."
"Darwin and his followers prefer the idea of gradual changes because they wish to avoid anything that might seem miraculous... Just this is nothing more than intellectual prejudice, and armchair speculations nigh hypothetical missing links do non prove anything i style or another."
" In the found kingdom, for instance, species with many different kinds of leaves and flowers seem to survive equally well in the same surroundings; then how could like selection pressures take given rise to such widely dissimilar forms? "
"...about biologists reject the being of telepathy, precognition, psychokinesis, and indeed the whole range of the so-called paranormal. This refusal is not based on an examination of the facts, but just on the grounds that because these things cannot now be explained, they cannot perhaps happen."
"Imagine an intelligent and curious person who knows cipher about electricity or electromagnetic radiations. He is shown a idiot box set for the first time. He might at first suppose that the set actually contained little people, whose images he saw on the screen. But when he looked inside and found only wires, condensers, transistors, and so on, he might prefer the more sophisticated theory that the screen images somehow arose from complicated interactions among the components of the set up. This hypothesis would seem especially plausible when he found that the images became distorted or disappeared completely when components were removed, and that the images were restored to normal when these components were put dorsum in their proper places."
" In Australia... in that location were until recent times no placental mammals. Instead, the marsupials evolve to produce a range of species that duplicated in remarkable ways the characteristics of [placental] mammals elsewhere in the world. There were pouched versions of the wolves, cats, ant-eaters, moles, flight squirrels, and then on. Coneivably, these marsupials somehow 'tuned in' to the morphogenetic fields of comparable mammals living on other continents ."
"...accepts the reality of thing, as materialism does; it accepts the reality of the mind, every bit interactionism does; and it as well accepts the existence of an inherent inventiveness in nature, equally pantheism does. But it goes further in that it suggests the being of a artistic consciousness that transcends the Universe, and that is the source of its existence and of the laws that govern it. This divine consciousness also constitutes the goal towards which the evolutionary process is fatigued in a ever more conscious manner ."
"In fact, at that place is surprisingly petty conflict between modernistic scientific theories of the development of the Universe and the sequence of events described in the kickoff chapter of Genesis."
"Even earlier the publication of Origin of Species, several writers pointed out that the theory of development did not contradict the idea of the creation of species by God, because God might just too make a new species past transforming an existing ane equally by forming it straight from not-living affair. On this view, the Creator was continually guiding the evolutionary process and making new species through it. One reward of this estimation was that it supplied a ready explanation for the relatively sudden appearance of new kinds of animals and plants "
Glossary of Terms
(from Presence of the Past)
adaptation: An aspect of an organism that appears to
exist of value for something, mostly its survival or
reproduction. The purposive, or seemingly purposive,
nature of adaptations can exist thought of in terms of
teleology or teleonomy (q.v.).
allele: Each gene (q.v.) occupies a particular region of
a chromosome, its locus. At any given locus, there may
be alternative forms of the gene. These are chosen
alleles of each other.
atavism: The reappearance of characteristics of more
or Im remote ancestors. Also chosen reversion or
throwing back.
cantlet: In the philosophy of atomism (q.five.), the eternal,
invariant, impenetrably hard, homogeneous, ultimate
unit of thing. In chemistry, the smallest unit or role of
an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. In
mod physics, a complex structure of activity, with a
central nucleus orbited past electrons. Nuclei and their
constituent particles are in turn circuitous structures of
action.
atomism: The doctrine that all things are composed of
ultimate, indivisible atoms of thing endowed with
move. These ultimate particles are the indelible ground
of all reality. In the mod course of this philosophy,
atoms have been superseded by fundamental subatomic
particles.
attractor: A term used in modern dynamics to denote a
limit towards which trajectories of alter inside a
dynamical system move. Attractors generally lie within
basins of attraction. Attractors and basins of allure
are essential features of the mathematical models of
morphogenetic fields due to Rene Thom.
chreode: A canalized pathway of change within a
morphic field.
chromosomes: Microscopic, threadlike structures found
in the nuclei of living cells, and as well in cells without
nuclei such every bit leaner. They are made up of DNA and
poly peptide and contain chains of genes.
cybernetics: The theory of communication and control
mechanisms in living systems and machines.
dialectical materialism: A form of materialism that
sees matter non as something static, on which change and
development have to exist imposed, only every bit, containing
within its own nature those tensions or "contradictions"
that provide the motive force for change.
Dna: Deoxyribonucleic acrid, a molecule consisting of
a big number of chemical units chosen nucleotides
attached together in unmarried file to form a long strand.
Commonly two such strands are linked together parallel to
each other and coiled into a helix. Dna is the material
of genetic inheritance, but in higher organisms only a
pocket-size proportion of the Deoxyribonucleic acid appears to be in genes.
Deoxyribonucleic acid contains four kinds of nucleotide, and the
sequence of the nucleotides is the basis of the genetic
lawmaking. Dna strands pass on their structure to copies of
themselves in the process of replication, and the genetic
code of genes can be "translated" into the sequences of
amino acids which are joined together in chains to form
proteins. Protein synthesis takes place on the basis of
strands of RNA (ribonucleic acid), which serve as
templates. These are "transcribed" from the DNA of
genes.
authority: In genetics, a dominant gene is 1 that
brings about the same phenotypic (q.v.) furnishings whether
it is present in a single dose along with a specified
allele (q.v.), or in a double dose. The allele that is
ineffective in the presence of the dominant gene is said
to be recessive.
dualism: The philosophical doctrine that heed and
thing exist as independent entities, neither existence
reducible to the other (cf. materialism).
energy: in full general, the capacity or ability to produce an
effect. in the technical sense of physics, energy is the
property of a system that is a measure of its chapters for
doing work. Work is technically defined as what is
done when a force moves its point of awarding.
Free energy can be potential or kinetic, and it comes in a
variety of forms: electrical, thermal, chemical, nuclear,
radiant, and mechanical.
entelechy: In Aristotelian philosophy, the principle of
life, identified with the soul or psyche. The entelechy is
both the formal or formative crusade and the final cause,
or cease, of a living body; thus at that place is always an
internalized purpose in life. In the vitalism (q.5.) of
Hans Driesch, entelechy is the nonmaterial vital
principle, a directive, teleological causal factor which
brings about harmonious developmental, behavioural,
and mental processes (cf. genetic programme and morphic
field).
epigenesis: The origin of new structures during
embryonic development (cf. preformation).
evolution: Literally, a process of unrolling or opening
out. In biology, originally applied to the development of
individual plants and animals, which according to the
doctrine of preformation depended on the unrolling or
unfolding of pre-existing parts. Only in the 1830s was
this word first applied to the historical transmutation of
organisms; by the 1860s and 1870s it had come to refer
to a full general process of transmutation, which was
mostly assumed to be directional or progressive.
Darwin'south theory of evolution by natural option
enabled this procedure to be thought of as blind and
purposeless, and this interpretation is key to
neo-Darwinism (q.v.), the ascendant orthodoxy in
mod biology. A multifariousness of other evolutionary
philosophies postulate an inherently creative principle
in thing or in life; and some see in the evolutionary
process the manifestation of a directional or purposive
principle. According to modernistic cosmology, the entire
universe is an evolutionary organisation.
field: A region of concrete influence. Fields interrelate
and interconnect matter and free energy within their realm of
influence. Fields are not a course of affair; rather, matter
is energy spring within fields. In current physics,
several kinds of fundamental field are recognized: the
gravitational and electromagnetic fields and the thing
fields of quantum physics. The hypothesis of determinative
causation broadens the concept of concrete fields to
include morphic fields likewise as the known fields of
physics.
forcefulness: In general, active power; forcefulness or energy
brought to carry. In physics, an external bureau capable
of altering the state of rest or motion of a torso.
course: The shape, configuration, or construction of
something as distinguished from its cloth. In the
Platonic tradition, the term Form is used to translate the
Greek term eides and is interchangeable with the term
Idea. Particular things we experience in the world
participate in their eternal Forms, which transcend
space and time. Past dissimilarity, in the Aristotelian
tradition, the forms of things are immanent in the things
themselves. From the nominalist betoken of view, forms
have no objective reality independent of our own minds.
formative causation, hypothesis of: The hypothesis
that organisms or morphic units (q.five.) at all levels of
complexity are organized by morphic fields, which are
themselves influenced and stabilized by morphic
resonance (q.v.) from all previous similar morphic
units.
cistron: A unit of the material of inheritance. Genes
consist of Deoxyribonucleic acid and are situated in chromosomes; an
individual gene is a short length of chromosome that
influences a particular character or set of characters of
an organism in a particular way. Culling forms of
the same gene are called alleles. The unit of the cistron is
defined in different ways for different purposes: for
molecular biologists information technology is usually regarded as a cistron,
a length of Deoxyribonucleic acid that codes for a concatenation of amino acids in
a protein. For some schools of neo-Darwinism, the gene
is the unit of selection, and evolution is the change of
gene frequencies in populations.
genetic program: A program is a plan of intended
proceedings, as in a concert or computer program. The
concept of the genetic program implies that organisms
inherit plans of intended proceedings; these plans are
assumed to be carried in the genes. The genetic program
is the main metaphor through which conceptions of
purposive activity and of formative causes are
introduced into modernistic biology (cf. entelechy).
genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism (cf.
phenotype).
gestalt: A German term roughly meaning course,
configuration, shape, or essence. The term is used to
refer to unified wholes, complete structures or totalities
which cannot be reduced to the sum of their parts.
habit: A bodily or mental disposition; a settled
tendency to announced or behave in a sure manner,
generally acquired past frequent repetition; a settled
practice, custom, or usage. The discussion habit also means
dress or attire, as in a monk'southward habit. In biology, it is
used to refer to the characteristic mode of growth or
appearance of a establish or animal; and crystallographers
refer to the habits of crystals, meaning the characteristic
forms they assume. On the hypothesis of determinative
causation, the nature of morphic units at all levels of
complexity tends to become increasingly habitual
through repetition, owing to morphic resonance.
heredity: The transmission of characters from ancestors
to their descendents. Originally understood in a wide
sense which included the inheritance of acquired
characteristics and habits of life; restricted in modern
biology to mean the inheritance of genes (see Mendelian
inheritance, neo-Darwinism). Co-ordinate to the
hypothesis of formative causation, heredity includes
both genetic inheritance and the inheritance of morphic
fields by morphic resonance.
holism: The doctrine that wholes are more than than the sum
of their parts (cf. reductionism).
holon: A whole that can also exist part of a larger whole.
Holons are organized in multi-levelled nested
hierarchies or holarchies. This term, due to Arthur
Koestler, is equivalent in significant to morphic unit
(q.v.).
homoeotic mutation: A mutation causing one part of the
torso to develop in a mode advisable to another
office: for instance, a leg growing where an antenna
normally does in a fruit wing.
information: To inform literally means to put into form
or shape. information is now generally taken to exist the
source of class or order in the globe; information is
informative and plays the role of a formative crusade, equally
for example in the concept of "genetic information."
information theory: A branch of cybernetics (q.v.) that
attempts to define the amount of data required to
command a procedure of given complication. Information in
this narrow technical sense is measured in bits. A bit is
the amount of data required to specify i of two
alternatives, for example to distinguish betwixt 1 and 0
in the binary notation used in computers.
interactionism: A course of dualism (q.five.) according to
which mental events can cause physical events, and vice
versa.
Lamarckian inheritance: The inheritance of acquired
characteristics. Until the late nineteenth century, it was
mostly believed that characteristics acquired by
organisms in response to the conditions of life or as a
result of their own habits could be inherited by their
descendents, and both Lamarck and Darwin shared this
full general opinion. The possibility of this type of
inheritance is denied on theoretical grounds by the
electric current orthodoxy of genetics (cf. Mendelian
inheritance).
materialism: The doctrine that whatsoever exists is either
matter or entirely dependent on affair for its existence.
thing: That which has traditionally been contrasted
with form or with mind. In the philosophy of
materialism, matter is the substance and basis of all
reality, and is usually conceived of in the spirit of
atomism. In Newtonian physics, matter, distinguished by
mass and extension, was contrasted with energy.
According to relativity theory, mass and energy are
mutually transformable, and material systems are now
regarded as forms of free energy.
mmechanics: In its broad, traditional sense, the trunk of
practical and theoretical knowledge concerned with the
invention and construction of machines, the caption
of their operation, and the calculation of their
efficiency. In physics, the study of the behaviour of
matter under the action of force. in the present century,
Newtonian mechanics has been substantially modified
by relativity theory and has been replaced by breakthrough
mechanics as a method of interpreting physical
phenomena occurring on a very small-scale scale.
mechanistic theory: The theory that all physical
phenomena can exist explained mechanically (see
mechanics), without reference to goals or purposive
designs (cf. teleology). The central metaphor is the
machine. In the seventeenth century, the universe was
conceived of as a vast automobile, designed, fabricated, and set up
running by God and governed by his eternal laws. By
the tardily nineteenth century, it was commonly regarded as
an eternal machine which was slowly running down. In
biology, the mechanistic theory states that living
organisms are nothing simply inanimate machines or
mechanical systems: all the phenomena of life tin in
principle be understood in terms of mechanical models
and can ultimately be explained in terms of physics and
chemical science.
meme: A term coined by Richard Dawkins, who
defines information technology as "a unit of cultural inheritance, hypothesized
equally analogous to the particulate gene and as naturally
selected past virtue of its 'phenotypic' consequences on
its own survival and replication in the cultural
environment."
retention: The capacity for remembering, recalling,
recollecting, or recognizing. From the mechanistic point
of view, animal and homo memory depend on material
memory traces within the nervous organization. From the
point of view of the hypothesis of formative causation,
memory in its various forms, both conscious and
unconscious, is due to morphic resonance.
Mendelian inheritance: Inheritance past ways of pairs
of discrete hereditary factors, now identified with
genes. One member of each pair comes from each
parent. The genes may blend in their effects on the body,
but they do not themselves blend and are passed on
intact to futurity generations.
mind: In Cartesian dualism, the conscious thinking heed
is singled-out from the textile trunk; the mind is
non-cloth. Materialists derive the mind from the
physical activity of the encephalon. Depth psychologists point
out that the conscious heed is associated with a much
broader or deeper mental system, the unconscious mind.
In the view of Jung, the unconscious mind is not but
individual but collective. On the hypothesis of
determinative causation, mental activity, conscious and
unconscious, takes identify within and through mental
fields, which like other kinds of morphic fields incorporate
a kind of in-built memory.
molecule: A chemical unit. The smallest amount of a
chemic substance that is capable of independent
being. Each kind of molecule has a feature
atomic composition, a specific structure, and specific
physical and chemical properties.
morphic field: A field within and effectually a morphic unit
which organizes its characteristic structure and blueprint
of activeness. Morphic fields underlie the course and
behaviour of holons or morphic units at all levels of
complication. The term morphic field includes
morphogenetic, behavioural, social, cultural, and mental
fields. Morphic fields are shaped and stabilized by
morphic resonance from previous similar morphic units,
which were under the influence of fields of the same
kind. They consequently incorporate a kind of cumulative
memory and tend to become increasingly habitual.
morphic resonance: The influence of previous
structures of activity on subsequent similar structures of
activity organized past morphic fields. Through morphic
resonance, determinative causal influences pass through or
across both infinite and time, and these influences are
causeless not to fall off with distance in space or time,
merely they come up only from the by. The greater the degree
of similarity, the greater the influence of morphic
resonance. in general, morphic units closely resemble
themselves in the past and are subject to cocky-resonance
from their own past states.
morphic unit: A unit of class or organization, such as an
cantlet, molecule, crystal, cell, plant, animal, pattern of
instinctive behaviour, social grouping, chemical element of culture,
ecosystem, planet, planetary system, or galaxy. Morphic
units are organized in nested hierarchies of units within
units: a crystal, for example, contains molecules, which
contain atoms, which contain electrons and nuclei,
which contain nuclear particles, which comprise quarks.
morphogenesis: The coming into existence of form.
morphogenetic fields: Fields that play a causal office in
morphogenesis. This term, beginning proposed in the 1920s,
is now widely used by developmental biologists, but the
nature of morphogenetic fields has remained obscure.
On the hypothesis of determinative causation, they are
regarded as morphic fields stabilized by morphic
resonance.
mutation: A sudden change. Mutations are observed in
the phenotypes of organisms, and can generally exist
traced to changes in the genetic cloth. The term
mutation is at present generally taken to hateful a random
change in a gene.
nature: Traditionally personified every bit Mother Nature.
The creative and controlling power operating in the
concrete earth, and the immediate cause of all
phenomena within it. Or the inherent and inseparable
combination of qualities essentially pertaining to
anything and giving it its fundamental character. Or the
inherent power or impulse by which the action of
living organisms is directed or controlled. From the
conventional point of view of science, nature is made
upwards of matter, fields, and free energy and is governed by the
laws of nature, usually thought to be eternal.
neo-Darwinism: The modernistic version of the Darwinian
theory of evolution by natural selection. It differs from
Darwin's theory in that it denies the possibility of
Lamarckian inheritance (q.v.); heredity is explained in
terms of genes passed on past Mendelian inheritance
(q.v.). Genes mutate at random, and the proportions of
culling versions of genes, or alleles, within a
population are influenced by natural selection. In its
most extreme class, neo-Darwinism reduces development to
changes of gene frequencies in populations.
organicism: A form of holism according to which the
world consists of organisms (or holons or morphic
units, q.five.) at all levels of complication. Organisms are
wholes made upwardly of parts, which are themselves
organisms, and and so on; they are organized in nested
hierarchies. The parts of organisms can be understood
merely in relation to their activities and functions in the
ongoing whole. Organisms in this sense include atoms,
molecules, crystals, cells, tissues, organs, plants and
animals, societies, cultures, ecosystems, planets,
planetary systems, and galaxies. In this spirit, the entire
cosmos tin be regarded as an organism rather than a
machine (cf. mechanistic theory).
prototype: An example or pattern. in the sense of T. S.
Kuhn (1970), scientific paradigms are general means of
seeing the earth shared by members of a scientific
community, and they provide models of acceptable
ways in which problems tin be solved.
phenotype: The actual appearance of an organism; its
manifested attributes. Contrasted with the genotype,
which is the item genetic fabric the organism has
inherited from its parents.
physicalism: A modern grade of materialism. The
doctrine that all scientific propositions can in principle
be expressed in the terminology of the physical
sciences, including propositions about mental activity.
Platonism: The philosophical tradition that, following
Plato, postulates the beingness of an democratic realm
of Ideas or Forms or essences existing exterior space
and fourth dimension and independently of manifestations of them in
the phenomenal world.
protein: A complex organic molecule equanimous of
many amino acids linked together in chains, called
polypeptide chains. The sequence of amino acids is
specified by the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of
genes. There may be one or more than such chains in a
protein, and the chains are folded upward into characteristic
three-dimensional configurations. Proteins are institute in
all living organisms, and there are many different kinds
of protein molecule. Many proteins are enzymes, the
catalysts of biochemical reactions; others play a variety
of structural and other roles.
preformation: The theory (at present known to be imitation) that
the entire diversity of construction of adult organisms
pre-exists in the fertilized egg. Embryonic development
supposedly consisted merely of the manifestation of this
preformed construction as it enlarged and unfolded, or
"evolved" (cf. epigenesis).
Pythagoreanism: The belief that the universe is
somehow substantially mathematical. its key
mathematical reality transcends space and time.
Closely akin to Platonism.
reductionism: The doctrine that more complex
phenomena can be reduced to less complex ones (cf.
holism). In philosophy, the theory that human being behaviour
can ultimately exist reduced to the behaviour of inanimate
matter governed by the laws of nature. In biological science, the
belief that all the phenomena of life can ultimately be
understood in terms of chemistry and physics. Closely
associated with the mechanistic theory, materialism, and
atomism (q.five.).
regulation: in embryology, the normal development of
an embryo, or office of an embryo, in spite of the
disturbance of its structure in some manner, equally by
removing some of it, calculation to it, or rearranging it. For
example, half of a young sea-urchin embryo volition
develop into a small simply ordinarily proportioned larva
and eventually into a normal sea urchin.
synapse: An area of functional contact between nervus
cells or between nerve cells and effectors such equally
musculus cells.
systems theory: A form of holism concerned with the
arrangement and backdrop of "systems" at all levels of
complexity. Much of the early inspiration for this
approach came from an effort to establish parallels
between physiological systems in biology and social
systems in the social sciences. The systems approach
has been deeply influenced by cybernetics (q.v.). The
key metaphor in much systems thinking is the
cocky-regulating machine.
teleology: The study of ends or final causes; the
explanation of phenomena by reference to goals or
purposes.
teleonomy: The science of adaptation. "in consequence,
teleonomy is teleology made respectable past Darwin"
(Dawkins, 1982). The obviously purposive structures,
functions, and behaviour of organisms are regarded as
evolutionary adaptations established by natural
option.
vitalism: The doctrine that living organisms are truly
vital or alive, as opposed to the mechanistic theory that
they are inanimate and mechanical. Living system
depends on purposive vital factors, such every bit entelechy
(q.v.), which are not reducible to the ordinary laws of
physics and chemistry. Vitalism is a less far-reaching
form of holism than organicism (q.v.), in so far as information technology
accepts the mechanistic assumption that the systems
studied past physicists and chemists are inanimate and
essentially mechanical.
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